Endocrine System

These slides show mostly pars distalis, but also have a small area of neurohypophysis (either pars nervosa or infundibular stalk) on one side (see slide orientation diagrams) and are stained in alternate sets with H&E or with Masson trichrome. The two classes of anterior pituitary cells (acidophils and basophils) are most easily distinguished with Masson trichrome staining, but you should also see how they look with routine H&E staining.

A. Pars distalis (aka anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis)

Slide 226 Pituitary gland Masson cross View Virtual Slide [see orientation]

Slide 226 Pituitary gland H&E cross View Virtual Slide

Slide 226 Pituitary gland H&E sagittal View Virtual Slide [see orientation]

Slide 227 Pituitary gland Masson sagittal View Virtual Slide [see orientation]

Study the pars distalis (anterior lobe) in the slide stained with Masson trichrome slide 226 pars distalis View Image. The cells are arranged in irregular clusters or cords and are distinguishable by their staining as either acidophils, basophils, or chromophobes. Theacidophils stain red or orange-red, while the basophils stain various shades of blue or blue-gray. Remember that the acidophils include two different cell types, somatotropes (growth hormone) and mammotropes (prolactin), while the basophils include gonadotropes (FSH and LH), thyrotropes (TSH) and corticotropes (ACTH). ACTH is actually a cleavage product of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), which is made by corticotropes and processed primarily into ACTH in these cells. To a lesser extent, corticotropes also produce other signaling factors derived from POMC such as lipotropins (involved in lipid metabolism), endorphins (endogenous opioids that reduce pain perception), and melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH). Occasional cells in the anterior pituitary show no distinctive staining and are called “chromophobes”. You will only be required to distinguish acidophils from basophils. Your best strategy is first to identify acidophils, which are more distinctively stained, and then the remaining cells are almost entirely basophils. The cells are not uniformly distributed throughout the pars distalis, but instead there are areas where acidophils predominate, other areas where basophils are more numerous, while still other regions may show a more even mixture of acidophils and basophils.  Note the abundant sinusoidal capillaries (often filled with red blood cells) slide 226 sinusoidal capillaries View Image that lie between the cell cords or clusters. You can appreciate how readily the hormones secreted from the cells can reach the blood. Since collagen stains bright blue with the Masson trichrome method, you can see the delicate connective tissue partitions between cords and around blood vessels. In the routine H&E-stained sections, you can also identify acidophils and basophils, although the difference is not as obvious as it is with Masson trichrome staining. Here again, you should first identify acidophils, which stain various shades of reddish pink, and then the remaining cells are almost entirely basophils, which vary generally from bluish/grayish-pink to blue.

B. Pars nervosa (aka posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis)

Slide 227 Pituitary gland monkey Masson cross View Virtual Slide [see orientation]

Slide 227 Pituitary gland monkey H&E cross View Virtual Slide [see orientation]

Slide 227 Pituitary gland Masson sagittal View Virtual Slide

Although the pars nervosa can be found on the human pituitary slides in our collection, the monkey pituitary specimens (H&E and trichrome-stained) contain a significant portion of the pars nervosa (posterior lobe) and are probably better for studying this tissue. The pars nervosa looks like brain tissue, which it is. It is an extension of the brain, composed primarily of nerve fibers (axons) which originate from nerve cell bodies in the hypothalamus and pass to the pars nervosa by way of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and the infundibular stalk. These nerve fibers carry oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) to nerve endings, from which they are released into nearby capillaries upon neural stimulation from the hypothalamus. There is not much to see in the posterior lobe in these histological sections. Since there are no neuron cell bodies in this structure, most of the prominent nuclei belong to pituicytes , which are the characteristic glial cells of the pars nervosa. You will also see the nuclei of blood vessel endothelial cells , and fibroblasts which are in the connective tissue around these vessels.

C. Pars intermedia

Slide 227 Pituitary gland monkey Masson cross View Virtual Slide

Slide 227 Pituitary gland monkey H&E cross View Virtual Slide

Slide 226 Pituitary gland H&E sagittal View Virtual Slide

Slide 227 Pituitary gland Masson sagittal View Virtual Slide

The pars intermedia is very poorly developed in the human pituitary, but is prominent in the pituitaries of most other mammals. For example, in the monkey pituitary, you will see the pars intermedia as a prominent layer several cells thick, lying between the pars distalis and pars nervosa. In some places you may also see a long cleft between the pars distalis and the pars intermedia, which is a substantial remnant of the lumen of the embryonic Rathke’s pouch, an ectodermal outpocketing of the oral cavity which gave rise to both the pars distalis and the pars intermedia. Cells of the pars intermedia also produce POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin), which in these cells is processed primarily into endorphins and MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone). In contrast to its substantial presence in other mammals, the pars intermedia of the human pituitary is usually represented merely by a thin layer of basophilic cells that can be seen in both the human trichrome and H&E-stained human sections lying against the pars nervosa, and is probably of little functional importance. Between the pars intermedia and pars distalis are occasional fluid-filled cysts (again visible in both trichrome slide 227 View Image and H&E-stained slide 226 View Image sections), which are the only vestiges of the lumen of Rathke’s pouch. Although most of the human axial sections in your sets do not show the human pars intermedia very well, the sagittal sections in some of the sets show some indication of it.

D. Infundibular stalk and hypophyseal portal vessels

Slide 229B Infundibular stalk, and hypophyseal portal vessels H&E View Virtual Slide [see orientation]

Slide 229 Infundibular stalk, hypophyseal portal vessels H&E View Virtual Slide

This slide shows the hypophyseal portal blood vessels slide 229 View Image that carry releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to regulate the release of hormones from the pars distalis of the pituitary. Look for these prominent blood vessels in portions of the pars distalis that extend up around the infundibular stalk. In many of these slides the sinusoidal capillaries slide 229 View Image lying between cords of pituitary cells throughout the anterior pituitary are shown particularly well. Scan over the slide, reviewing other features you saw in slides 226 and 227 (e.g. acidophils vs. basophils; neurohypophysis vs. adenohypophysis).

Click on a question to reveal the answer.

1. Be able to recognize the thyroid gland at the light and EM level and be able to explain how thyroid follicular cells are involved in the production of thyroglobulin, its storage, and its subsequent breakdown to thyroid hormones.
2. Know about C or parafollicular cells and their hormonal product (calcitonin) and its physiological function.
3. Recognize the parathyroid gland in histological sections and be able to identify chief and oxyphil cells. Know the physiological function of parathyroid hormone.

Slide 217 Thyroid gland, parathyroid H&E View Virtual Slide [see orientation]
Slide 220 Parathyroid H&E View Virtual Slide
Slide 221 Parathyroid H&E View Virtual Slide

Sections of parathyroid gland can be seen on slides 217, 220, and 221. In slide 217, parathyroid tissue will be found on one side of the much larger mass of thyroid tissue. To find the parathyroid tissue on slides 217, scan around the periphery of the thyroid tissue at low magnification. (Note: slide 217 in a few of the glass slide sets lacks parathyroid.)

The parenchyma of the gland slide 217 View Image is made up of two identifiable cell types: the predominant chief (or principal) cells (source of parathyroid hormone) and occasional oxyphil cells. Observe the arrangement of chief cells in the parathyroid as seen on slides 217, 220, and 221. The chief cells are arranged as interconnecting cords or clusters, with blood vessels and connective tissue forming the partitions between the cell cords. The capillaries in slide 221 may be more easily seen because erythrocytes have been retained within the lumens. The individual chief cells, seen well in slide 220, have relatively little cytoplasm, which may be almost unstained or lightly basophilic. The lightly stained cells are thought to be quiescent while the more basophilic cells are believed to be more actively involved in the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone.

In either slide 217, 220, or 221 try to find oxyphil cells. Oxyphil cells are much less numerous than chief cells, and can be differentiated from them by the following criteria: (1) larger than chief cells, with more extensive, eosinophilic cytoplasm, (2) nuclei smaller and darker staining, (3) usually occur in isolated groups. Not every specimen in the glass slide sets contain readily identifiable oxyphil cells, but they can be found on each of the virtual slides: slide 217 View Image, slide 220 View Image, and slide 221 View Image.

Click on a question to reveal the answer.

1. Recognize the adrenal gland in histological sections, and its subdivisions of cortex and medulla. Know their different embryological origins and hormonal products.
2. Recognize the three zones of the adrenal cortex and name their respective steroid hormone products.
3. Explain how the adrenal blood system is arranged for the efficient uptake of the hormonal products from both the cortex and the medulla.

250 Adrenal Cortex View Virtual EM Slide
Note the connective tissue capsule and the zona glomerulosa beneath the capsule. The boundary between the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata is not distinct even at the E.M. level. Notice the numerous large capillaries. Clear circles in the cytoplasm are extracted lipid droplets.

254 Adrenal Cortex - Details of a Zona Reticularis Cell View Virtual EM Slide
Note the ultrastructure of these steroid-hormone secreting cells. What is responsible for giving these cells their characteristic light colored, bubbly cytoplasm? (EN7) These cells contain numerous lipid droplets. Notice also that the cells have numerous mitochondria with tubular cristae. Mitochondria with this structure are often found in steroid synthesizing cells. What other organelle, which is not seen well in this micrograph, is also abundant in cells that synthesize steroids? (EN8) Cells in the adrenal cortex are associated with capillaries, which have the fenestrated endothelium that is characteristic of capillaries in endocrine tissues.

255 Adrenal Medulla View Virtual EM Slide
Notice that the cells of the adrenal medulla have smaller mitochondria and also contain numerous distinct secretory granules. Two types of cells are found, one secreting epinephrine (adrenalin), the other secreting norepinephrine (noradrenalin), which you will not be asked to discriminate. Locate nerve endings in contact with the medullary cells.